What Game Theory Reveals About Life, The Universe, and Everything

10,725,744
0
2023-12-23に共有
This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV


▀▀▀
A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.

To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: ve42.co/Axelrod2023

A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: ncase.me/trust/

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.

▀▀▀
References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place -    • The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma and T...  
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed -    • How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemm...  
Tit for Tat by radiolab - ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab - ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. - ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty - ve42.co/INF
START Treaties - ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSTART


Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org - ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls -    • golden balls. the weirdest split or s...  
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - ve42.co/Kaufman2014


▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures


▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer
Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

コメント (21)
  • @jagobot1487
    Two people getting excited to meet each other because they both respect the others work is the most wholesome thing
  • @Magnymbus
    "Be nice, be forgiving, but don't be a pushover" I feel like that's something all of us can appreciate.
  • The important thing to note is that the GOAL is to accumulate points, NOT to 'defeat the opponent.' That is an absolutely significant thing to note.
  • @kolmaris
    It's great to see this idea out there! I watched the BBC documentary "Nice Guys Finish First" few year back and I loved it immediately. One of my favorite moments in the doc was when they give this game to students. There was one student that always tried to cooperate. When they asked him why did he played like that, his answer was that he realised that the biggest score in the game is not 5 (when you beat the other player), but 6 (when you both cooperate and have 3 points each). That really stuck with me to this day.
  • “In the short term it is often the environment that shapes the player… but in the long run it is the players that shape the environment.” Words to live by.
  • I just love how enthusiastic Professor Strogatz was on seeing Professor Axelrod, like they were two good buddies
  • Sorry to post twice, BUT. . . another interesting thing is that you CAN take advantage of a 'nice' individual, but in dealing with the OVERALL population 'taking advantage' leads to LOSING. Part of the 'lesson' to learn is that you MUST retaliate when 'betrayed' but to OVER-retaliate leads to 'losing' when dealing with the entire population.
  • I wrote an essay for some social science class in college around 2008. We were asked to come up with a solution for the “war on terrorism”. Pretty easy ask of college freshmen. Anyway, my completely uneducated intuition told me to give an answer nearly identical to “we should be inclined to peace but retaliate quickly but not hold a grudge.” It’s interesting now to find out 16 years later that 1. That’s likely a hardwired response and 2. That maybe the praise from my social science professor was because he saw my answer resembled what game theory suggests is the best answer.
  • @AltevBaka
    One of the rare videos that should literally be watched by everyone.
  • @franug
    I think every parent should watch this. "Be nice, be forgiving, but not a pushover" is quite literally what I want my kids to grow up understanding. What a cool video
  • This should be primary tought in schools all over the world. This half an hour shows so much!
  • @briggan5646
    Amazing video, it’s honestly a beautiful thing to realize that literally just being a good person is good for yourself and those around you
  • This is the kind of Veritasium Video I have been craving for. The one video which can change my perspective and connecting something abstract like maths to real life philosophies and mathematically proving it. Truly fascinating.
  • @peterxyz3541
    “You don’t have to lose in order for me to win”. Enlightenment
  • @SquizzMe
    Actually, this describes "Turn the other cheek" perfectly. Turning the other cheek does not mean "nice all the time", but rather "stand your ground". It is to endure, without succumbing to evil, or "nasty". "Turn the other cheek" is passive bravery.
  • @Fleshwarper
    Great video. First time on the channel but it's perfect. Sponsor message at the end is a big deal for me. Watched the ad instead of skipping it because it was in the beginning or the middle of the content I came for.
  • @ElectroBOOM
    THIS IS AWESOME INFORMATION!! Imagine if everyone would understand that cooperating and being kind and forgiving pays off best for everyone...
  • I find this fascinating. It confirms one of my favorite quotes, "do unto others 20% better than you would expect them to do unto you, to correct for subjective error".
  • This video feels like enlightenment. ❤ So much learn in single video. Blessed to have found this channel.
  • This video got me hooked. What a wonderful storytelling. Kudos to the video editor and writers to make this beautiful video.